Sundanese Traditional Culture That Has Experienced Acculturation

 

Sundanese Traditional Culture That Has Experienced Acculturation

Oleh :

Putri Maryatul Sa'diah N

Email : 

( putrimarya15@gmail.com )

STKIP Muhammadıyah Bogor Jalan Raya Leuwiliang No. 106 Bogor 

Tel (0251) 8644743, Fax: (0251) S642847

ABSTRACT 

Sundanese culture is known for its culture that highly upholds manners. Sundanese culture is one of the oldest cultures in the archipelago. The ideal Sundanese culture then often becomes the culture of the Sunda Kingdom period. There are several teachings in Sundanese culture about the path to the virtue of life. Sundanese ethos and character. There is, Classical Sundanese dance art is one form of dance that still adheres to the rules that should not be violated, but along with the process of social change, so many standards have been violated. This paper intends to examine how Javanese culture influences the Sundanese classical dance currently available in the city of Bogor. This paper is based on the results of searching documents related to the theme of this study, how Javanese culture influences classical Sundanese dance. From the results of the analysis, it is known that the influence process lasts a long time, it turns out that the influence of priyayi culture which is identified with 'alus' behavior is more influential in classical Sundanese dance. This alus culture originates from the priyayi concept which is symbolized by a gentle behavior called 'alus'. Some classical Sundanese dances that are influenced by the 'alus' culture include the Merak Dance. 

 Keywords: Culture, Classical Sundanese Dance, cultural acculturation, Indonesia

Literatur Review

 Sundanese culture is a culture that grows and lives in Sundanese society. Sundanese culture is known for its culture that highly upholds manners. In general, the character of the Sundanese people is cheerful, friendly (soméah, as in the philosophy of soméah hadé ka sémah), smiling, gentle, and very respectful of parents. That is a mirror of Sundanese culture. Sundanese culture is one of the oldest cultures in the archipelago. The ideal Sundanese culture then often becomes the culture of the Sunda Kingdom period. There are several teachings in Sundanese culture about the path to the virtue of life. The Sundanese ethos and character include: • Cageur, which means healthy, which is physically and spiritually healthy, healthy in thought, healthy and has a stand, morally healthy, healthy in work and speech. • Bageur, which means being kind to others, giving a lot of help in the form of thoughts, good morals and material, not being stingy with others, not being emotional, helping, and sincerely carrying out and practicing not just spoken or spoken. • True means really not lying, not carelessly in carrying out work, mandate, straight in practicing religion, leading well, and not destroying nature. • Singer, which means being introspective, thorough in work, putting others before oneself, respecting the opinions of others, loving, not angry when criticized but accepted with grace. • Smart, meaning intelligent, understanding religious knowledge to the bottom, being able to adapt to others, being able to solve problems wisely, and not having bad thoughts about others. Sundanese culture is also one of the cultures that is a source of wealth for the Indonesian nation which in its development needs to be preserved. Sundanese traditional spiritual belief system is Sunda Wiwitan which teaches harmony of life with nature. Now, almost most of the Sundanese people are Muslim, but there are some who are Muslim, although different but basically all life is blessed not to be in the universe. Cultural values ​​Sundanese culture has certain characteristics that distinguish it from other cultures. In general, the people of West Java or Tatar Sunda, are known as a gentle, religious, and very spiritual society. this tendency appears as it is in the proverbs of penance, penance and nurturing; each other (prioritizing the nature of compassion), perfecting or improving themselves (through education and sharing knowledge), and taking care of each other's safety). In addition, Sundanese also has a number of other values ​​such as politeness, humility towards others, respect for elders, and compassion for smaller ones. In Sundanese culture, the magical balance is maintained by performing traditional ceremonies, while the social balance of the Sundanese people does mutual cooperation to maintain it. Introduction The people of Bogor in particular and West Java generally recognize and mention the term classical Sundanese dance in several Sundanese dances in the city of Bogor. These dances include the peacock dance, masks, drums and mapag. According to Soedarsono, classical dance is a form of dance whose movements are regulated by binding regulations, so it is as if there is a law that cannot be violated. The form of motion in classical dance has a standard, a movement that deviates from the predetermined standard is considered wrong. Thus in classical dance there is a binding, standardization. Thus, the beauty of classical dance is whether or not the dancer dances according to a predetermined standard. One of the works that fall into the classic fare category is the work of R.Tjetje Somantri. Changes that occur in development are influenced by non-art factors, as stated by Alvin Toffler in his book entitled "The Consumers' explaining that the explosion or culture marked by the development of art, including dance. with a national label, it could also be an attempt to look ahead outside the palace which some reformers considered as a center for the development of feudal art that was not suitable for the work of the reformers, and what was most advanced was the desire to present works that truly had individual characteristics. They want to bring new dynamics in their performances, both as dancers and as reliable, productive choreographers. Classical Sundanese dance performances in the Sundanese dance world, which mostly produce female dances, are also strongly influenced by non-art factors, namely social and cultural factors. politics In West Java, the presence of dances that work as entertainment is more for men's entertainment. Indeed, at that time female dancers got a much more prominent nickname that was less wearing, namely ronggeng. The dominance of the position of men is far more prominent than that of women, even when tayub or tayuban is targeted by the menak Priangan to be developed as one of the identities of the "priyayi' Priangan. Historically, the influence of the Javanese priyayi lifestyle on the Sundanese priyayi, commonly called menak, has been discussed extensively Nina Hernina Lubis in her dissertation entitled "The Life of Menak Priangan in the Year 1800-1942" (1996). This book discusses in detail the various forms and lifestyles of the menak, such as architecture, language, clothing, titles and performances, among others. ibing keurseus, and Wayang Wong. According to Anis Sujana, what is very interesting about the Keurseus dance is the dance culture that is raised by the menak originating from Tayuban which is very popular with the Javanese people.

DISCUSSION

 • The Effect of Acculturation on Sundanese Culture

 Acculturation (acculturation) Acculturation can be defined as a social process that arises when a human group with a certain culture is confronted with elements of a foreign culture in a way, so that the elements of foreign culture are gradually accepted and processed in their own culture without causing cultural event itself. In this case, there is a difference between the part of the culture that is difficult to change and is influenced by elements of foreign culture, and the part of the culture that is easy to change and is influenced by elements of foreign culture. Covert culture, for example: 1) a system of cultural values, 2) religious beliefs that are considered sacred, 3) some customs that have been studied very early in the process of socializing individual members of the community, and 4) some customs that have functions that are widely netted in the community. Public. Meanwhile, outside culture such as physical culture, such as tools and objects that have knowledge, procedures, lifestyle, and recreation that are useful and provide comfort. but also. There are no cultural elements from each culture that mix with each other as a result of intensive association or interaction in a long time, but it does not cause the emergence of a new culture + Two different cultures form a new culture by not eliminating each culture. In this view, there is a difference between the part of culture that is difficult to change and is influenced by elements of foreign culture, and the part of culture that is easily changed and influenced by elements of foreign culture. Cultural systems, such as: cultural values, religious beliefs that are considered sacred and some customs that have been studied very early in the process of socializing individual members of the community as well as several customs that have functions that are widely netted in society. Other systems that are included in physical culture, such as: useful tools and objects, science, procedures, lifestyles, and recreation that are useful and provide comfort are systems that are applied in society. Since time immemorial in the history of human culture, there has been a migration movement, the movement of ethnic groups on the face of the earth which has led to encounters between groups of people with different cultures and as a result individuals in that culture are confronted with foreign cultures. The appearance of classical Sundanese dance in the Sundanese dance world, which is mostly female dance works, is also strongly influenced by non-art factors, namely social and cultural factors and even political factors.However, in West Java, the presence of dances that work as entertainment is more for men's entertainment. Indeed, at that time female dancers got a much more prominent nickname that was less wearing, namely ronggeng. The dominance of the position of men is far more prominent than that of women, even when tayub or tayuban is targeted by the menak Priangan to be developed as one of the identities of the "priyayi' Priangan. Historically, the influence of the Javanese priyayi lifestyle on the Sundanese priyayi, commonly called menak, has been discussed extensively. Nina Hernina Lubis in her dissertation entitled "The Life of Menak Priangan in the Year 1800-1942" (1996).

 • Acculturation of Sundanese Culture with Java

The existence of two ethnic groups with different cultural backgrounds and living in one area of ​​course leads to a social process with regard to efforts to adapt by accepting the dominant communication patterns and rules that exist in indigenous peoples. A group of Sundanese people since hundreds of years ago who lived or settled in the area of ​​a hamlet with a Javanese background. This allows the process of cultural acculturation, in which the Sundanese adapt and accept the dominant communication patterns and rules that exist in the Javanese. This study aims to obtain an overview of the process of acculturation of customs, culture and language between the Javanese and Sundanese .The penetration of Javanese culture into Sundanese land is clearly closely related to the entry of Sunda under Mataram rule in 1620. Since that time cultural contacts occurred, Sundanese culture, especially those in the upper classes, tapped many sources of Javanese culture, both language, literature, gamelan art, wayang. and dance because it became a status symbol, a symbol of the subtle civilization of the menak. (Herlina. 1998). The change in the rulers of Priangan from Mataram to the VOC and then to the Dutch East Indies government did not change the direction of the traditional cultural role models of the rulers in Priangan, which in some respects were still "headed to Java". The transformation of the Sunda kingdom which changed shape during the Mataram period into a district, then entered into the colonial government system of the Dutch East Indies government as an indigenous government or Inlandsche Bestuur led by a regent and palace to control the people. Under Dutch colonial rule, the palace and the regencies which both had limited power and then controlled it, focused on cultural development as a means of self-glorification. Like the role of the palace in Java, the district pavilion in the Sunda area became the center of artistic activity and development. This is inseparable from the needs of the rulers themselves, namely the regents who live like little kings. By being patrons of the arts, the aristocracy can emphasize their status by living a lifestyle filled with grandeur. (Herlina. 1998). For example, in the Bandung district complex during the reign of the Regent of RRA. Martanegara (1893-1918) there is a place that is used as the "Bale of Priangan Culture". Besides being used as a museum, this place is also used as a center for the development of cultural arts, such as: dance, gamelan art, and regional plays. Like the kingdom in Central Java in welcoming important guests. Thus, it appears that the influence of "Priyayi" culture and Javanese dance in the process of forming classical Sundanese dance is evident. However, in various aspects, the influence is very visible, but as a complete art form and style, Sundanese dance still has an image of Sundanese appearance and taste. This is due to the differences in characteristics and characteristics as well as Javanese and Sundanese ethnicities. Sundanese people are less extroverted than traditional Javanese people who are very introverted. This trait presents the behavior of the Sundanese who are more dynamic than the Javanese.  

CONCLUSION

Acculturation is a social process that arises when a human group with a certain culture is confronted with elements of a foreign culture. The foreign culture is gradually accepted and processed into its own culture without causing the loss of the cultural elements of the group itself. Based on the results of the analysis can be concluded as follows; The process of the influence of Javanese culture on classical Sundanese dance has occurred for a long time. Sundanese culture is a culture that grows and lives in Sundanese society. Sundanese culture is known for its culture that highly upholds manners. Cultural systems, such as: cultural values, religious beliefs that are considered sacred and some customs that have been studied very early in the process of socializing individual members of the community as well as several customs that have functions that are widely netted in society. In general, the character of the Sundanese people is cheerful, friendly (soméah, as in the philosophy of soméah hadé ka sémah), smiling, gentle, and very respectful of parents. That is a mirror of Sundanese culture. Sundanese culture is one of the oldest cultures in the archipelago. The ideal Sundanese culture then often becomes the culture of the Sunda Kingdom period. Javanese rubber priyayi culture with the concept of 'alus' in classical Sundanese dance movements. There are three patterns of relationship, namely 1) Cooperation or contact between Javanese and Sundanese ethnics, 2) Conflicts that occur are not mutually contradictory but rather indirect conflicts but are more restoration/absorption of values ​​that are suitable for application to ethnic groups Sunda. and 3) competitions. Persistence in creating masterpieces. Sundanese classical dance. As a result, classical Sundanese dance seems to be more dynamic. To find out how far the similarities and differences between the two styles are from those that have historical and cultural relations, a deeper examination is needed.

REFERENCE

Caturwati, Endang. 2000. R.Tietje Somantri (1892-1963) Tokoh pembaharu Tari Sunda.

 Yogyakarta: Tarawang. Herlina, Nina. 1998. Kehidupan Kaum Menak Priangan 1800-1942. Bandung: Pusat Informasi Kebudayaan Sunda. 

Martin, John. 1965. The Modern Dance. New York: Dance Horizons Martodirdjo, Haryo. 2009. Hubungan Antar Etnik. Makalah yang disajikan pada perkuliahan di Pasca jurusan Sosiologi Antropologi UNPAD Bandung. 

Narawati, Tati. 2003. Wajah Tari Sunda dari Masa. Bandung: P4ST UPI."Riwayat Belajar Tari-Tarian Djawa". Dalam Jurnal Budaya Bahasa (November 1948). Indonesia Ayip. 1960. "Ciri-Ciri Manusia dan Kebudayaan Sunda". Edi S. Masyarakat Sunda dan Kebudayaannya. Jakarta: Giri Mukti Ekadjati

Elsakreasiburkaya, Macam macam Budaya Jawa sunda, Blogspot.com Diakses: targgal 24 Agustus 2016.

Komrikasi Antarludaja Panian Berkomrilasi Dengan Orang-crarg Berbeda Bukaya (Banctung: PT REMAJA ROSDAKARYA, 2001), im Asalapusaka.com Budaya Suku Jawa Indoresia yang Sargat Beragam Dialses targgal 24 Agustus 2016.

 Rusmin Tumanggor, dkk, Ilmu Sosial &Burkya Dasar, Edisi Revisi, (Jakarta: PT. Fajar Irerpratama Mandiri, 2010 ), hlm. 65 Tenidwi51. Blogspot.com Diakses pada targgal 20 Maret 2016. www.academia, echpasimilasi bukaya Pasca pemikahan etrik Jawa dengan etrik dayak, Diakses: 17 Felxuari 2016.

https://dosensosiologi.com/pengertian-akulturasi-budaya-dan-contohnya-lengkap/